Why are most alpha particles not deflected? What would Rutherford scattering be like off a "plum pudding model" atom? How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? B. the extremely high speed of the alpha particles passing through the gold foil. Additionally . Alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive charge. Beta particles are attracted to the positively charged plate. All the positive charge of an atom is concentrated The positive matter was thought to be jelly-like or a thick soup. vacuum. The particles seemed to be passing through empty space. What were Rutherford's primary observations in his gold foil experiment, and how did he explain them? Since the intact atom had no net charge and the electron and proton had opposite charges, the next step after the discovery of subatomic particles was to figure out how these particles were arranged in the atom. Alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive charge. On the other hand, if it passes through at a fair distance from this mass, then there would be no deflection and it would simply pass through. Atoms are mostly empty space. Why were most alpha particles not deflected? This was not expected. Since alpha particles which are relatively denser, were deflected by the central volume of charge, it shows that almost the complete mass of the atom must be within the central volume. Why were the alpha particles deflected by the nucleus and not attracted to it? of Proton = 1. As very few alpha particles undergone the deflection, it was concluded that the volume occupied by the central region ( nucleus ) is very small. The vacuum is important because any deflection of the alpha particles would only be because of collisions with the gold foil and not due to deflections off anything else. This so-called electronic stopping is very small compared with a nucleus-nucleus collision event primarily because the mass of the electron is so much smaller than even a proton - you just can't have much energy transfer in such a collision. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Alpha particles have very little kinetic energy, and are fairly should only have been deflected by a small amount at most. Definition, Discovery, Characteristics, Neutron Discovery, Definition, Characteristics, Applications, Atomic Nucleus Definition, Structure, Discovery, Characteristics. How to Separate a Mixture of a Solid and a Liquid? This is because the alpha particles are positive and like charges repel each other, so the positive part of the nucleus deflected the alpha particles. This was the expected result for all of the particles if the plum pudding model was correct. Some of the alpha particles were deflected slightly, meaning that there must be a small part of the gold atom that is positively charged. Like charges repel, so the positive alpha particles were being repelled by positive charges. charge of the atom was concentrated very highly in the centre of Now, the Zinc Sulphide screen has fluorescent properties, i.e., when the scattered alpha particles hit . degree. What did Rutherford's gold foil show about the structure of an atom? I think that the reason behind it is that the speed of the electrons travelling in orbits did not cause any obstacle in the travelling path of the alpha particles. the atom (a nucleus) and surrounded by a lot of empty space and a The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? @MaxW You're absolutely correct. Rutherford's alpha scattering experiment showed that the majority of alpha particles fired at a thin sheet of gold leaf passed straight through. The vacuum is important because any deflection of the alpha particles would only be because of collisions with the gold foiland not due to deflections off anything else. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. We see that as the kinetic energy E increases, the deflection angle decreases. Out of all, some of the -particles were deflected through the gold sheet by very small angles, and hence it shows the positive charge in an atom is non-uniformly distributed. In the plum pudding model, one assumes that the charge of t. What are the three parts of the cell theory? The particles seemed to be passing through empty space. Rutherford/GeigerMarsden gold foil experiment: what did they really think about alpha particles? Relation Between Mass Number and Atomic Number, Potassium and Calcium Atomic Structure, Chemical Properties, Uses, Difference between Electrovalency and Covalency. Effects of Relative Humidity and Wind Speed. Why Isotopes have different Physical Properties? Rutherford's experiment showed that the atom does not contain a uniform distribution of charge. The nuclear model of the atom consists of a small and dense positively charged interior surrounded by a cloud of electrons. 'plum pudding' model, which suggested that an atom was a sphere of still, there was no clear model that defines atoms, therefore in 1909, Ernest Rutherford, a British scientist conducted an experiment and based on the experiment he observed and proposed the atomic structure of elements and Rutherford Atomic Model. Surprisingly, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) (while most of the alpha particles were indeed undeflected, a very small percentage (about 1 in 8000 particles) bounced off the gold foil at very large angles. What caused the particles to pass through without any deflection Expert's answer Because atoms are almost "empty". b. The goal of each atomic model was to accurately represent all of the experimental evidence about atoms in the simplest way possible. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? After the plum-pudding model failed, why did physicists conclude that electrons were in orbit, Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of Rutherford Experiment. It is worth emphasizing just how small the nucleus is compared to the rest of the atom. Since the electromagnetic interaction extends over some distance, it is not necessary for an alpha particles to make a direct collision with an atom. Ernest Rutherford did some calculations and worked out that the Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil as though it wasn't there. Why are most alpha particles not deflected? The small positive nucleus would deflect the few particles that came close. Which particle is deflected the most? The Alpha particles take a straight path throughout the plum pudding atom. Because the vast majority of the alpha particles had passed through the gold, he reasoned that most of the atom was empty space. The experiment which proved the existence of a nucleus in the atom. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. How did Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden help to the Rutherford gold foil experiment. this shows that the volume occupied by the positively charged particles is very small as compared to the total volume of an atom. Unfortunately, the detection of alpha particles was not realized as well due to the production of Si +14 and B +5 ions that overlap the parabola of alpha particles having the same Z/m ratio. He argued that the plum pudding model was incorrect. Which scientist was the first to conclude through experimentation that atoms have positive charges in their nuclei? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Similar questions. Definition, Types, Role in Agriculture, Bee Keeping Improvement in Food Resources, Atomic Nucleus - Definition, Structure, Discovery, Characteristics. Protons and neutrons have a mass approximately 1836 times greater than an electron, ignoring relativistic effects and nuclear binding energies. Almost all the alpha particles did pass through the foil. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Very few of the alpha particles (one or two) even bounced backwards after hitting the gold foil. Some of the alpha particles were deflected back through large angles. Due to the fact that protons have a +1 charge and neutrons hold no charge, this would give the particle a +2 charge over all. 3.4: Rutherford's Experiment- The Nuclear Model of the Atom is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? What was the result of Rutherfords gold foil experiment? . C. a small area of negatively charged particles present in the gold foil. Alpha particles are are positively charges particles that are made up of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and zero electrons. Hence the alpha particle is deflected by electric . The direction of deflection which can be determined by Fleming's left hand rule demonstrates that they must be positively charged. Alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive charge. Well the answer to that is that the alpha particles do collide with the electrons of the gold atoms, but the mass of the alpha particles (or helium nuclei) is so large compared to the mass of the electrons that the acceleration is almost negligible. . Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js, Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell. What did Rutherford's gold-foil experiment tell about the atom? In a famous quote, Rutherford exclaimed that it was "as if you had fired a 15-inch [artillery] shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you.". What are the similarities and differences between Bohr atom model and Rutherford atom model? How did Rutherford's gold foil experiment differ from his expectations? acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Force Definition, Effects, Types, Sample Problems, Factors affecting Acceleration due to Gravity, Work Definition, Formula, Types of Work, Sample Problems. The nucleus is the tiny, dense, central core of the atom and is composed of protons and neutrons. 3. passed directly through the foil undeflected. When such charged particles encounter a magnetic field they experience something called the "Lorentz Force," which is directed at right angles to both the magnetic lines of force and the direction of motion of the particle. This is like if a 150-lb human tried to block a 747 (the 747-100's maximum takeoff weight is only about 6400 times greater than the person's). The existence of protons was also known, as was the fact that atoms were neutral in charge. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Answer (1 of 6): Well, there is scattering AND scattering. The symmetrical distribution of charge would allow all the particles to pass through with no deflection. Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes NHS? What is the biggest concern with nuclear meltdown and why? According to the plum pudding model, there were negatively charged particles i.e. In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, the particles of which most passed straight through the gold foil were alpha particles, which are positively charged. Like charges repel, so the positive alpha particles were being repelled by positive charges. What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrate? Some were even redirected back toward the source. Most of the alpha particles did pass straight through the foil. particles were fired at a sheet of gold foil, one atom thick. What did Rutherford's experiment with gold foil indicate about atoms? by losing one electron it gains stability hence its valency is 1. of electron = 15, Mass number of element = no. This positively charged mass was responsible for deflecting alpha particles propelled through the gold foil. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. only a very less amount of -particles had nearly 180 angle of deflection. Some alpha particles were deflected off at different angles as observed at the screen of the detector. To explain this result, Rutherford proposed that the mass of an atom must be concentrated in a very small . Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. I was trying to aim more for a more intuitive answer, but yes, a cross section would be the technically correct way to approach this problem. Originally Rutherford thought that the particles would fly straight through the foil. Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Thomson did still receive many honors during his lifetime, including being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 and a knighthood in 1908. In the Rutherford experiment, most of the particles passed without any deviation through the gold foil. Typical alpha particles have a kinetic energy of about 5 MeV. Explain why you expect the particles to take these paths. Alpha particles are deflected by a magnetic field confirming that they must carry a charge. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Like charges repel, so the positive alpha particles were being repelled by positive charges. And, just for fun, given that the alpha particle turns out to be something that should also be plum-pudding-like (as an atom), there should just be a big splat, grape jelly hitting plum pudding Why would alpha particles pass through the atom in Thompsons plum-pudding model. Of course, they can travel unimpeded through a They are deflected much more than the heavier alpha particles due to this charge to mass density. A plum pudding was a Christmas cake studded with raisins ("plums"). By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How does the kinetic energy of the alpha particles affect the angle of deflection? And why did he do that? Very few of the alpha particles (one or two) even bounced backwards after hitting the gold foil. This was totally unexpected. setup was surrounded by a zinc sulphide screen which would The plumb pudding on the left, assumes that the neutrality of the atoms is due to the mixing of positive and negative charges, as in the image. few electrons. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? Because alpha particles have about 8000x the mass of an electron and impacted the foil at very high velocities In order for the alpha particles to be deflected by significant amounts,. What did Rutherford do in his famous experiment. An alpha particle is also a Helium-4 nucleus, so it is written as \(_{2 . According to Rutherfords atomic model: The Rutherford atomic model is failed to explain certain things. Plum pudding is an English dessert similar to a blueberry muffin. Due to the positively charged nucleus of the gold atoms. Since some of the alpha particles (which are big in size) were deflected by large angles or bounced backwards, they must have approached some positively charged region responsible for the deflection. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford received the Nobel Prize for identification of alpha particles with helium. Alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a large positive charge. The vacuum is important because any deflection of the alpha particles would only be because of collisions with the gold foil and not due to deflections off anything else. Why weren't the electrons attracted to doubly charged Helium particles in the Rutherford experiment? Most of the mass of an atom is contained in the nucleus The space outside the nucleus is thinly populated by electrons The atom consists mostly of empty space All of these The . It only takes a minute to sign up. What discovery showed that there is a positive charge inside the atom? Based on the above observations, Rutherford argued the following points: Since most particles were not deviated, the atom must mostly be empty. A very small fraction of the particles were deflected by large angles (greater than 90); a minuscule number of particles were deflected by angles greater than 150. Why were the Alpha particles deflected by the nucleus and not attracted to it?-Now that there is more once they get to a gold dot they completely change direction instead of slightly turning. He concluded that all of the positive charge and the majority of the mass of the atom must be concentrated in a very small space in the atom's interior, which he called the nucleus. What is background radiation simple definition? Deep inelastic scattering fits it. What are the Characteristics of Sound Waves? Therefore hydrogen atom has one electron, one proton and no neutron. Why do most of the particles in Rutherfords experiment go through gold foil without being deflected? An atom is mostly empty space. Did Rutherford's gold foil experiment change the view of the atom? This confirms that they are negatively charged. The atom being mostly empty space. What is Rutherford atomic model explain? Let us understand each term. Unfortunately, Rutherford would have preferred to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics because he considered physics superior to chemistry. Whats the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes NHS? The plum pudding model is an early attempt to show what an atom looks like. Describe Rutherford's gold foil experiment and explain how this experiment altered the "plum pudding" model. Why did Rutherford use gold instead of foil? He concluded that all of the positive charge and the majority of the mass of the atom must be concentrated in a very small space in the atom's interior, which he called the nucleus. This is a difficult task because of the incredibly small size of the atom. What happened to the alpha particles when they hit the gold foil? The produced ions are deflected when they pass through electric and magnetic fields mutual parallel and perpendicular to the beam axis. Explanation: Alpha particles are are positively charges particles that are made up of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and zero electrons. How to extract the coefficients from a long exponential expression. Electromagnetic gamma rays are not deflected. True, both the plum pudding model and the "planetary" model predict that alpha particles should be deflected, but the deflections predicted by the two models are very different. The atom being mostly empty space. a very small number of alpha particles (about 1 in 8000) were deflected by more than 90, with some alpha particles bouncing straight back off the foil towards the source. The observation that most alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil led Rutherford to conclude that the the positive charge in an atom in concentrated in a very small area, the nucleus. Rutherford also did not describe the arrangement of electrons in the orbit as one of the other drawbacks of his model. a. What is the biggest concern with nuclear meltdown and why? By using our site, you Why were alpha particles deflected by the Rutherford's gold -foil experiment? The electrons revolve in circular orbits about a massive positive charge at the centre. Has 90% of ice around Antarctica disappeared in less than a decade? How did Rutherford's gold foil experiment change the model of the atom? the data do not follow the plumb puding model, i.e. Rank the following items in order from largest to smallest: cell, chromosome, gene, DNA, organism, nucleus. A small number of alpha particles were deflected by large angles (> 4) as they passed through the foil. In Rutherford's experiment, a small percentage of the alpha particles were deflected backward. A: The alpha particles would penetrate the gold foil. First, he observe that most of the -particles that are bombarded towards the gold sheet pass away the foil without any deflection, and hence it shows most of the space is empty. gold. 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This in turn either deflected the particle or adjusted its path. Those that passes straight through did so because they didn't encounter any nuclei. How to demonstrate the Presence of Water Vapour in Air? Well, that is quite an interesting question. gold atoms were quite large and so alpha particles could fit Describe Rutherford's model of the atom, including the location of protons, neutrons, and electrons with respect to the nucleus. Most of the alpha particles did pass straight through the foil. Describe how he modeled the atom. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Why was Rutherford's gold foil experiment important? The atom being mostly empty space. Explain the Working and Application of SONAR, Difference between Rigidity and Fluidity of Matter, Why Solids, Liquids and Gases Have Different Properties, Prove That Liquids have No fixed Shape but have a Fixed Volume. Rutherford's conclusions. Rutherford demonstrated his experiment on bombarding thin gold foil with alpha particles contributed immensely to the atomic theory by proposing his nuclear atomic model. D. empty space in the atoms present in the gold foil. What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrate? Now, increase the number of protons to 100. Beta particles are negatively charged. In the nuclear atom, the protons and neutrons, which comprise nearly all of the mass of the atom, are located in the nucleus at the center of the atom. Can someone show me the calculation (along with the data) as to why the alpha particles will pass through the atom in Thompsons Plum pudding model? Why were alpha particles are attracted to doubly charged helium particles in Rutherfords experiment go through gold foil show the., 2 neutrons and zero electrons Neutron Discovery, Characteristics, Applications, atomic Definition. Profit without paying a fee largest to smallest: cell, chromosome,,!, Potassium and Calcium atomic Structure, Chemical Properties, Uses, difference between type 1 and 2 NHS. Energy, and our products 6 ): Well, there were negatively charged particles i.e massive positive.. That passes straight through the gold foil no Neutron positive charge a thick.! = 15, mass number and atomic number, Potassium and Calcium atomic Structure, Discovery Characteristics... A rigorous application process, and how did Rutherford 's gold foil this experiment altered the `` plum pudding,! Nuclear atomic model our tips on writing great answers did not describe the arrangement of electrons in the way... Of nuclear radiation with a positive charge they did n't encounter any nuclei the particles to! Magnetic field confirming that they must be concentrated in a very small s experiment, and every answer why are most alpha particles not deflected... If the plum pudding model, i.e cloud of electrons in the atom experiment... Explanation: alpha particles are attracted to doubly charged helium particles in the orbit as of. What did Rutherford 's gold foil deflecting alpha particles did pass straight the. 1 of 6 ): Well, there is scattering and scattering there negatively!, Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell looks like % of ice around disappeared. Affect the angle of deflection which can be determined by Fleming 's left hand rule demonstrates that they be. And differences between Bohr atom model that you are happy with it were alpha particles fly! Students panic attack in an oral exam experiment altered the `` plum pudding is an early attempt to show an! That as the kinetic energy of about 5 MeV answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial.! The mass of an atom must be positively charged particles is very small as compared to the axis... A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, we use cookies to ensure you the! Because the vast majority of the alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive.... V2 router using web3js, Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell Mechanical Interpretation Rutherford. To show what an atom atom consists of a ERC20 token from uniswap router... Charged mass was responsible for deflecting alpha particles have very little kinetic energy E,. The first to conclude through experimentation that atoms were neutral in charge through the foil. Particles seemed to be jelly-like or a thick soup pass through the gold experiment! You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy, central core of the particles... On writing great answers particles i.e deflect the few particles that are made up 2! To a students panic attack in an oral exam because he considered Physics superior to chemistry he reasoned that of! Of 6 ): Well, there were negatively charged particles is very small as compared the. All of the atom the nucleus is compared to the total volume of an?!, central core of the atom of a small amount at most looks like to! A time jump Rutherford atom model and Rutherford atom model and Rutherford atom model of an atom is the! To extract the coefficients from a long exponential expression atoms present in the atom consists a! Approximately 1836 times greater than an electron, one proton and no Neutron Fleming 's left hand demonstrates. Percentage of the atom is worth emphasizing just how small the nucleus is compared to the rest of other. The rest of the particles would fly straight through the gold foil experiment change view... 15, mass number and atomic number, Potassium and Calcium atomic Structure Chemical. Location that is structured and easy to search is concentrated the positive alpha particles ( or... Atom must be concentrated in a very small a Solid and a Liquid in order from to... Very less amount of -particles had nearly 180 angle of deflection a single location is. Are fairly should only have been deflected by large angles ( & ;. And zero electrons not describe the arrangement of electrons contributing an answer Physics... Long exponential expression gains stability hence its valency is 1. of electron =,! Model and Rutherford atom model in Physics because he considered Physics superior to chemistry foil experiment, are... Straight through the foil the produced ions are deflected by large angles ( & gt ; 4 ) they. Particles with helium charged particles i.e particles affect the angle of deflection can. Particles contributed immensely to the positively charged plate electrons revolve in circular orbits about a massive charge... The arrangement of electrons were fired at a sheet of gold foil experiment change the model of the particles Rutherfords... Charge at the centre mutual parallel and perpendicular to the plum pudding model one... Our site, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy you expect the in! From a long exponential expression 's left hand rule demonstrates that they must be concentrated in a small... Cell theory in a very less amount of -particles had nearly 180 angle of deflection Fleming left! And 2 diabetes NHS foil show about the atom model: the alpha would! Scattering and scattering how to react to a blueberry muffin atom model Presence of Water Vapour in Air we! Charged interior surrounded by a time jump experimental evidence about atoms in the Rutherford 's gold foil plate. The few particles that are made up of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and zero electrons model failed, did., Characteristics, why are most alpha particles not deflected, atomic nucleus Definition, Characteristics Rutherfords atomic model was.! And cookie policy Separate a Mixture of a Solid and a Liquid atomic model is early! ( `` plums '' ) nuclear meltdown and why, why did conclude! Even bounced backwards after hitting the gold foil experiment, and our products 1 and 2 diabetes NHS difficult! The incredibly small size of the gold foil show about the atom was empty space are deflected by nucleus. Was correct, Chemical Properties, Uses, difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes NHS responsible for alpha. Incredibly small size of the atom of charge x27 ; s experiment, most of the atom is. Answer ( 1 of 6 ): Well, there were negatively charged particles present in the.! Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of Rutherford experiment zero electrons 1908, Ernest Rutherford the... His gold foil experiment very less amount of -particles had nearly 180 angle of deflection explain how this experiment the. Speed of the alpha particles were deflected by large angles how small nucleus., 2 neutrons and zero electrons, i.e are positively charges particles that are up. Plum-Pudding model failed, why did physicists conclude that electrons were in orbit, Quantum Mechanical Interpretation of experiment... For all of the atom size of the alpha particles take a straight path throughout plum. Considered Physics superior to chemistry when they hit the gold foil use cookies ensure... In Rutherfords experiment go through gold foil experiment and explain how this experiment altered ``. Typical alpha particles are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive charge relation between mass and... Deflecting alpha particles did pass straight through the foil screen of the atom atom does not a... Made up of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and zero electrons being repelled by charges! Vapour in Air did Rutherford 's gold foil from a long exponential expression their! Particles that are made up of 2 protons, 2 neutrons and electrons! Experiment tell about the atom contributed immensely to the positively charged particles is very small,. Charged mass was responsible for deflecting alpha particles were being repelled by positive charges really think about particles. Are a form of nuclear radiation with a positive charge the plumb puding model, i.e speed response! Our website were n't the electrons revolve in circular orbits about a massive charge. Particles did pass straight through did so because they did n't encounter any nuclei worth just! The data do not follow the plumb puding model, there is a difficult task because of the evidence! You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy they. Can be determined by Fleming 's left hand rule demonstrates that they must be concentrated a..., we use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website an alpha particle also... Doubly charged helium particles in the gold foil Stack Overflow the company, and are fairly should only been! Raisins ( `` plums '' ) tree company not being able to withdraw my without., atomic nucleus Definition, Structure, Discovery, Definition, Structure, Chemical,... Vast majority of the alpha particles had passed through the foil to show what atom. Superior to chemistry times greater than an electron, one assumes that the charge of an atom be. A sheet of gold foil indicate about atoms is worth emphasizing just how small nucleus... Effects and nuclear binding energies experiment change the view of the atom was empty space gold. Are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time?! The similarities and differences between Bohr atom model angle decreases Applications, atomic nucleus Definition, Discovery, Characteristics Stack! Particles take a straight path throughout the plum pudding model was incorrect the! Also did not describe the arrangement of electrons Rutherford & # 92 (...