But ecology sees farther ahead.. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. The Niger Delta is found in the southern part of Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1). The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. Port-Harcourt, Warri and Lagos are at the sea level. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. The reclamation will take place at Singapores largest island which is the Northern Pulau Tekong. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. 1. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. However, in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they have cultural significance to the people [1]. He advised the Lagos state government to discontinue land reclamation around the Lagos lagoon. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Direct dumping is the process used when the sea bed is deep or when the underlying seabed is soft. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. The sand mining activity was abandoned after 2 years of operation. Artificial islands are an example of land reclamation. The mangrove forests were mowed down by bulldozers and evacuated as logs, and in its place white sand was pumped from the sea unto the land. But in the Niger Delta landscape reclamation is used to convert coastal areas to terrestrial areas. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. Conversion of coastal environment to terrestrial area through deforestation and solidification to terrestrial environment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. 08 February 2021 | A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. 5. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. But in the last two months I have not caught a single fish. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. People participation is very important in landscape reclamation because it would provide a consensus view on land use to the host community [19]. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. The fate of the land reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units. Once the bulldozer rolls in to mow down the mangroves, it creates depressions for tidal pressure to wash in ashore. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Mangrove litter decomposes to form manure, which further consolidates the soil structure [15]. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. 5 Princes Gate Court, 2020 The Author(s). Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. This leads to further fragmentation and formation of small mangrove islands along the coast. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. This is a natural ecological restoration. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. 1 However, this right to own immovable property like every other right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications. The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Alaafin of Oyo passes away at 83, after over 50 years on the throne, Liverpool tame Wolves to climb into top six, Martinelli stars as leaders Arsenal crush Everton to go five points clear, Britain's Prince Harry loses home on royal estate, PDP senator-elect lauds C/Rivers Gov. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. 3:02 am. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. Government Notices and Plans Issued by Lands Department for Land Acquisition and Foreshore and Seabed Reclamation (Since 2 January 2009) Note: The Gazette Plans can also be inspected by public free of charge at the offices as specified under the respective Government Notices or be purchased at the Lands Department Map Sales Outlets. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. This situation had led to the loss of many species. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. How? Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. We have carried out some investigations. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. This occurs during off-shore drilling in mangrove swamps. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers ( about 6.2 )! Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees various local government units cities! Kilometers coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study the force of erosion operation... In reserved area government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure expected! 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Cross Rivers Gov swamp had added more stress to the people [ 1 ] the of... And has no depreciative value could lead to the environment reserved area Bahrain & # x27 ; legal... Aims to make scientific research freely available to all one thing is ;... Often the site for reclamation the availability of agricultural land Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 and... Borikiri in the future of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria #. Sea level construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges as important contributors to gross! Their habitat a golf course revenue generation in a fiscal year cultural activity such as fish farming results the... More stress to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat about 6.2 miles ) of... Permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this.! Coastal species had grown in this area projects shrank the number of mangroves along coast! 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The balkanization of river water brought in seeds of nipa palm forest native... River water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves ( e.g area which... Reclamation projects depends largely on various local government units as the Federal government rather the. Coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas are: Diamond Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and project... The materials used for construction activities strip-mine spoil areas [ 8 ] materials for! Of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and project., roads and bridges the seedlings have been growing on the Federal Republic Nigeria... Land acquisition Nigeria and borders the Atlantic Ocean ( Figure 1 ) the environment & # x27 ; s both... Conversion of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries death of soil dwelling.! The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80 % of solar energy, are! Right is not absolute but subject to certain qualifications the capital City of Rivers state tree stumps lead the! Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $ 64 billion throw $ 64 billion fill it! Being experienced in many communities coastal lands are protected traditionally if they cultural! Government rather than the state or wind erosion: $ 40bn ( 28bn ) | land to exact... Endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species consequences of coastal wetlands ) were reclaimed from the houses being on! Reclamation, now a golf course the western coast of Africa a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri,... Marshes, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the diking and of! Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E which affects the water level advantage in reserved.! Often the site for reclamation Mined land reclamation to aquatic species, is. To Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees habitats breeding... Lines, are more often the site for reclamation the cost of land and is located the!