[236] Internal calls for his release came from Kenyan Asian activists in the Kenya Indian Congress,[249] while a colonial government commissioned poll revealed that most of Kenya's indigenous Africans wanted this outcome. [261] In April 1961, the government flew Kenyatta to Maralal, where he maintained his innocence of the charges but told reporters that he bore no grudges. [167] Kenyatta supported this resolution, although was more cautious than other delegates and made no open commitment to violence. My abilities extend to decision-making and >communication with proficiency in teamwork. [306] He also encouraged the remaining Mau Mau fighters to leave the forests and settle in society. [22] Asked to take a Christian name for his upcoming baptism, he first chose both John and Peter after Jesus' apostles. [508] This deviousness was sometimes interpreted as dishonesty by those who met him. [304] Despite his attempts at wooing white support, he did not do the same with the Indian minority. Conversely, his rule was criticised as dictatorial, authoritarian, and neocolonial, of favouring Kikuyu over other ethnic groups, and of facilitating the growth of widespread corruption. [331] His administration pressured whites-only social clubs to adopt multi-racial entry policies,[332] and in 1964 schools formerly reserved for European pupils were opened to Africans and Asians. [399] Commentators argued that Britain's relationship with Kenyatta's Kenya was a neo-colonial one, with the British having exchanged their position of political power for one of influence. BuzzKenya. [24] After his baptism, Kenyatta moved out of the mission dormitory and lived with friends. [135] In October 1938, he gave a talk to the Manchester Fabian Society in which he described British colonial policy as fascism and compared the treatment of indigenous people in East Africa to the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany. [480] Towards the end of his presidency, many younger Kenyanswhile respecting Kenyatta's role in attaining independenceregarded him as a reactionary. [175] Kenyatta met with the new Governor of Kenya, Philip Euen Mitchell, and in March 1947 accepted a post on an African Land Settlement Board, holding the post for two years. I believe in Christianity as a whole. [297] In 1964, Oxford University Press published a collection of Kenyatta's speeches under the title of Harambee!. [98] Many Africans and members of the African diaspora were attracted to the institution because it offered free education and the opportunity to study in an environment where they were treated with dignity, free from the institutionalised racism present in the U.S. and British Empire. [354] Many Asians who had retained British citizenship were affected by these measures. [520] Kenyatta had no racist impulses regarding white Europeans, as can, for instance, be seen through his marriage to a white English woman. In 1929, he travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu land affairs. [44] He had sufficient funds that he could lend money to European clerks in the offices,[45] and could enjoy the lifestyle offered by Nairobi, which included cinemas, football matches, and imported British fashions. [306], A celebration to mark independence was held in a specially constructed stadium on 12 December 1963. He later noted that this was despite the fact his case was one of the strongest he had ever presented during his career. [91] In November, he met the Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi while in London. [54] In February 1928, he was part of a KCA party that visited Government House in Nairobi to give evidence in front of the Hilton Young Commission, which was then considering a federation between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. [362] The Kenyatta family also heavily invested in the coastal hotel business, Kenyatta personally owning the Leonard Beach Hotel. Jomo Kenyatta Family name: . [27] Kenyatta left the job when he became seriously ill; he recuperated at a friend's house in the Tumutumu Presbyterian mission. On being greeted by a crowd shouting KPU slogans, he lost his temper. [317] Two of the senior members of KADU, Ronald Ngala and Daniel arap Moi, subsequently became some of Kenyatta's most loyal supporters. [366] Kenyan corruption and Kenyatta's role in it was better known in Britain, although many of his British friendsincluding McDonald and Brockwaychose to believe Kenyatta was not personally involved. [183] In January 1952, KAU members formed a secret Central Committee devoted to direct action, formulated along a cell structure. NAIROBI, KenyaAlthough larger pie for the fastmultiply Jomo Kenyatta has governed ing population of 13 million. Birthdate: November 20, 1920. [10] Ngengi was harsh and resentful toward the three boys, and Wambui decided to take her youngest son to live with her parental family further north. Influenced by his friend George Padmore, he embraced anti-colonialist and Pan-African ideas, co-organising the 1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester. [2] Birth records were not then kept among the Kikuyu, and Kenyatta's date of birth is not known. Kenya's first President Mzee Jomo Kenyatta married four wives, Grace Wahu, Edna Clarke, Grace Wanjiku and Mama Ngina. Jomo married Grace, Wahu Kenyatta in 1942, at age 48. He successfully stalled plans for the union. He was essentially a moderate trying to achieve the radical revolution of a nationalist victory in a colonialist society, and his ambivalence over many issues can best be explained by his need to contain or use his militantsand he had plenty of them. However, if I . Mama Ngina lives quietly as a wealthy widow in Kenya. [555] Murray-Brown expressed the view that for many, Kenyatta's "message of reconciliation, 'to forgive and forget', was perhaps his greatest contribution to his country and to history. In 1914, he was baptized a Christian and given the name John Peter which he changed to Johnstone. [378] During the 1960s and 1970s the public sector grew faster than the private sector. [114] The pro-independence sentiments that he was able to express in Britain would not have been permitted in Kenya itself. [330] Kenyatta's government nevertheless rejected the idea that the European and Asian minorities could be permitted dual citizenship, expecting these communities to offer total loyalty to the independent Kenyan state. [265] There, the colonial government had built him a new house to replace that they had demolished. Kenyatta had a complicated family life, which may have helped make him such an adaptable leader. 1,249 Jomo Kenyatta Premium High Res Photos Browse 1,249 jomo kenyatta stock photos and images available, or search for president of kenya or uhuru kenyatta to find more great stock photos and pictures. The Anti-Slavery Society advanced him funds to pay off his debts and return to Kenya. [546] Kenneth O. Nyangena characterised him as "one of the greatest men of the twentieth century", having been "a beacon, a rallying point for suffering Kenyans to fight for their rights, justice and freedom" whose "brilliance gave strength and aspiration to people beyond the boundaries of Kenya". [11] Wambui bore her new husband a son, whom they also named Muigai. He married his fourth wife in 1951. [472] In 1982 he would amend the Kenyan constitution to create a de jure one-party state. Jomo Kenyatta, Circa 1894 - 1978. [385], Another priority for Kenyatta's government was improving access to healthcare services. - 1950) (her death) (1 child) See also [122] Kenyatta liked to dress elaborately; throughout most of his adult life, he wore finger rings and while studying at university in London took to wearing a fez and cloak and carrying a silver-topped black cane. [275] In June 1962, Kenyatta travelled to Mogadishu to discuss the issue with the Somalian authorities, but the two sides could not reach an agreement. [409], Kenyatta made clear his desire for Kenya to become a one-party state, regarding this as a better expression of national unity than a multi-party system. Their daughter Jane Makena Wambui (also known as Jeni) survived. He studied the Bible, English, mathematics, and carpentry and paid his fees by working as a houseboy and cook for a European settler. [424] The Luo increasingly rallied around the KPU,[425] which experienced localized violence that hindered its ability to campaign, although Kenyatta's government officially disavowed this violence. [32], In 1917, Kenyatta moved to Narok, where he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi,[31] before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. [431], In July 1969, Mboyaa prominent and popular Luo KANU politicianwas assassinated by a Kikuyu. [105] Both Padmore and Kenyatta left the Soviet Union, the latter returning to London in August 1933. [185] Kenyatta began to draw large crowds wherever he travelled in Kikuyuland,[186] and Kikuyu press began describing him as the "Saviour", "Great Elder", and "Hero of Our Race". Nehru's response was supportive, sending a message to Kenya's Indian minority reminding them that they were the guests of the indigenous African population. [441] It used laws on detention and deportation to perpetuate its political hold. [364] The Kenyan press, which was largely loyal to Kenyatta, did not delve into this issue;[365] it was only after his death that publications appeared revealing the scale of his personal enrichment. A member of the Kikuyu people, Kenyatta was born with the name Kamau in the village of Ngenda. [355] During the 1970s, this expanded to cover the trade in soap, cement, and textiles. All was well until the relationship between the elder Kenyatta and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga went into a nosedive. [396] Kenya became a member of the British Commonwealth,[397] using this as a vehicle to put pressure on the white-minority apartheid regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia. Estate Duty Act. [14] The missionaries were zealous Christians who believed that bringing Christianity to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Africa was part of Britain's civilizing mission. Kenyatta Junior and Fiona Achola Ngobi are long time lovers. Her husband was arrested just one year into their marriage in reaction to the Mau Mau insurgency, leaving her alone. [530] During his imprisonment, Kenyatta read up on Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism through books supplied to him by Stock. [485] Arnold also noted that Kenyatta "absorbed a great deal of the British approach to politics: pragmatism, only dealing with problems when they become crises, [and] tolerance as long as the other side is only talking". [296] In November 1963, Kenyatta's government introduced a law making it a criminal offence to disrespect the Prime Minister, exile being the punishment. [111] He also wrote the entry on Kenya for Negro, an anthology edited by Nancy Cunard and published in 1934. [198] For many young Mau Mau militants, Kenyatta was regarded as a hero,[199] and they included his name in the oaths they gave to the organisation; such oathing was a Kikuyu custom by which individuals pledged allegiance to another. [81], In his absence, female genital mutilation (FGM) had become a topic of strong debate in Kikuyu society. [134] Kenyatta began giving anti-colonial lectures across Britain for groups like the IASB, the Workers' Educational Association, Indian National Congress of Great Britain, and the League of Coloured Peoples. On 20 November 1922 Kamau's first son, Peter Muigai, was born (he died in 1979); a daughter, Margaret Kenyatta, was born in 1928 (she died in 2017). He again later changed his name to Jomo in 1938. [45], Anti-imperialist sentiment was on the rise among both native and Indian communities in Kenya following the Irish War of Independence and the Russian October Revolution. [333] To this end, it made efforts to assert the dignity of indigenous African cultures which missionaries and colonial authorities had belittled as "primitive". The first family welcomed a new member after President Uhuru Kenyatta 's first son, Jomo Kenyatta and wife Fiona Achola welcomed a baby girl on Sunday. His children included President Uhuru Kenyatta, by his fourth and. [138] Featuring an introduction written by Malinowski,[139] the book reflected Kenyatta's desire to use anthropology as a weapon against colonialism. - 22 August 1978) was an African social activist and politician; the first Prime Minister (1963-1964) . [226] The others were made to break rocks in the hot sun but Kenyatta, because of his age, was instead appointed their cook, preparing a daily diet of beans and posho. [483] He pursued, according to Maloba, "a conservatism that worked in concert with imperial powers and was distinctly hostile to radical politics". In 1938, he published an anthropological study of Kikuyu life before working as a farm labourer in Sussex during the Second World War. [42] Kenyatta lived in the Kilimani neighbourhood of Nairobi,[43] although he financed the construction of a second home at Dagoretti; he referred to this latter hut as the Kinyata Stores for he used it to hold general provisions for the neighborhood. [280], In 1962 he returned to London to attend one of the Lancaster House conferences. [87], Between 1935 and 1937, Kenyatta worked as a linguistic informant for the Phonetics Department at University College London (UCL); his Kikuyu voice recordings assisted Lilias Armstrong's production of The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu. "[561] Ngg was among Kenyan critics who claimed that Kenyatta treated Mau Mau veterans dismissively, leaving many of them impoverished and landless while seeking to remove them from the centre stage of national politics. [132] When Ethiopia's monarch Haile Selassie fled to London in exile, Kenyatta personally welcomed him at Waterloo station. [262] He reiterated that he had never supported violence or the illegal oathing system used by the Mau Mau,[263] and denied having ever been a Marxist, stating: "I shall always remain an African Nationalist to the end". Part Three of 'The Black Man's Trilogy; A biographical portrait of Kenya's first President Jomo Kenyatta and a case study of the "pitfall's of nationalism" a. [74] Back in England, he wrote three articles on the Kenyan situation for the Communist Party of Great Britain's newspapers, the Daily Worker and Sunday Worker. The widening wealth gap skewed in favour of the dominant Kikuyu at the expense of low-income Kenyans and members of other ethnic groups, a problem that was exacerbated by rapid population growth. [367], The question of land ownership had deep emotional resonance in Kenya, having been a major grievance against the British colonialists. [540], After 1963, Maloba noted, Kenyatta became "about the most admired post-independence African leader" on the world stage, one who Western countries hailed as a "beloved elder statesman. [51] Kenyatta accepted, probably on the condition that the Association matched his pre-existing wage. Q2 Marchand's reasons for her view are . [343] Under Kenyatta, Western companies regarded Kenya as a safe and profitable place for investment;[344] between 1964 and 1970, large-scale foreign investment and industry in Kenya nearly doubled. [509] Referring to Kenyatta's appearance in 1920s Kenya, Murray-Brown stated the leader presented himself to Europeans as "an agreeable if somewhat seedy 'Europeanized' native" and to indigenous Africans as "a sophisticated man-about-town about whose political earnestness they had certain reservations". [319], In December 1964, Kenya was officially proclaimed a republic. However, a row has erupted in Kenya over an "Estate Duty Tax" which was amended two times during the reigns of Jomo Kenyatta and his successor Daniel Moi. Skip to document. [380], The government oversaw a massive expansion in education facilities. [386] In 1965, the government introduced free medical services for out-patients and children. Kenyatta was a controversial figure. [386] It stated that its long-term goal was to establish a system of free, universal medical care. [152] On 11 May 1942 he married an English woman, Edna Grace Clarke, at Chanctonbury Registry Office. Again in 1931 Kenyattas testimony on the issue of closer union of the three colonies was refused, despite the help of liberals in the House of Commons. They were slapped with what could only be described as trumped up charges. Jomo Kenyatta, original name Kamau Ngengi, (born c. 1894, Ichaweri, British East Africa [now in Kenya]died August 22, 1978, Mombasa, Kenya), African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (196364) and then the first president (196478) of independent Kenya. His son Peter Muigai became an assistant minister of foreign affairs, and his cousin Ngethe Njoroge served as high commissioner to the United Kingdom. Corrections? [144], The book's jacket cover featured an image of Kenyatta in traditional dress, wearing a skin cloak over one shoulder and carrying a spear. Muhoho Kenyatta runs his mother's vast family business but lives out of the public limelight. [554] By 1964, this image had largely shifted, and many white settlers referred to him as "Good Old Mzee". [31] In the evenings, he took classes in a church mission school. [478], Murray-Brown noted that "Kenyatta had always kept himself free from ideological commitments",[328] while the historian William R. Ochieng observed that "Kenyatta articulated no particular social philosophy". [387] Before independence, the average life expectancy in Kenya was 45, but by the end of the 1970s it was 55, the second-highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At independence, Kenyatta would not only be considered the guardian of political order, he would also inherit an advantageously designed institutional framework to control the most valuable political and economic resource in Kenya: land. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it. [178] Under Kenyatta's leadership, additional funds were raised for the construction of school buildings and the number of boys in attendance rose from 250 to 900. better than most African leaders, the aged President of Kenya faces growing and. Backed by several other senior KANU figures and trade unionists, he became head of the new Kenya Peoples Union (KPU). There he secured a job as a clerk in the Public Works Department, and he also adopted the name Kenyatta, the Kikuyu term for a fancy belt that he wore. Beauttah took Kenyatta to a political meeting in Pumwani, although this led to no firm involvement at the time. On Feb. 24, operations at NBO Terminal 2 will be suspended from 11:00-17:00. . [514] As President, Kenyatta often reminisced nostalgically about his time in England, referring to it as "home" on several occasions. [328] White Kenyans were left in senior positions within the judiciary, civil service, and parliament,[329] with the white Kenyans Bruce Mackenzie and Humphrey Slade being among Kenyatta's top officials. Founding President has to look good when his family checks on him inside Parliament grounds. Ideologically an African nationalist and conservative, he led the Kenya African National Union (KANU) party from 1961 until his death. Born into the dominant Kikuyu culture, Kenyatta became its most famous interpreter of Kikuyu traditions through his book Facing Mount Kenya.. Born Kamau Wa Muigai at Ng'enda village, Gatundu Division, Kiambu to Muigai and Wambui, Jomo Kenyatta served as the . "[535], Within Kenya, Kenyatta came to be regarded as the "Father of the Nation",[536] and was given the unofficial title of Mzee, a Swahili term meaning "grand old man". [310], Disputes with Somalia over the Northern Frontier District (NFD) continued; for much of Kenyatta's rule, Somalia remained the major threat to his government. [106] The British authorities were highly suspicious of Kenyatta's time in the Soviet Union, suspecting that he was a Marxist-Leninist, and following his return the MI5 intelligence service intercepted and read all his mail. Ethnic Somalis inhabited this region and claimed it should be part of Somalia, not Kenya. [562] In other areas Kenyatta's government also faced criticism; it for instance made little progress in advancing women's rights in Kenya. [344] In 1964, Kenyatta impounded a secret shipment of Chinese armaments that passed through Kenyan territory on its way to Uganda. [26], Kenyatta moved to Thika, where he worked for an engineering firm run by the Briton John Cook. [306] Kenyatta condemned the assassination of the prominent leftist politician, although UK intelligence agencies believed that his own bodyguard had orchestrated the murder. [334] The historian Robert M. Maxon nevertheless suggested that "no national culture emerged during the Kenyatta era", most artistic and cultural expressions reflecting particular ethnic groups rather than a broader sense of Kenyanness, while Western culture remained heavily influential over the country's elites. ", Kenyatta biographer Jeremy Murray-Brown[297], Kenyatta was a flamboyant character,[504] with an extroverted personality. Among those lobbying for Kenyatta's release from indefinite detention were Tanganyika's Julius Nyerere and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah. [375] Kenyatta's government was eager to control the country's trade unions, fearing their ability to disrupt the economy. That does not mean we should not take account of whites, provided we have the key position. [550] There had been an expansion in primary, secondary, and higher education, and the country had taken what Maxon called "giant steps" toward achieving its goal of universal primary education for Kenyan children. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [521] Despite this, Kenyatta exhibited a general dislike of Indians, believing that they exploited indigenous Africans in Kenya. [299], Kenya's first cabinet included not only Kikuyu but also members of the Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and Maragoli tribal groups. [158] In August 1943, their son, Peter Magana, was born. You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) African National Union ( ). John Cook the relationship between the elder Kenyatta and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga went into a nosedive open. 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