There it has flourished ever since, marking the thirty years of its existence with the inhuman butchery of more than ten thousand men, women, and children by shooting, drowning, hanging, and burning them alive. The nineteenth-century lynching mob cuts off ears, toes, and fingers, strips off flesh, and distributes portions of the body as souvenirs among the crowd. Ida presents four arguments against lynching that support her case of passing the anti-lynching legislation stating that lynching is uncivilized, shameful, unconstitutional, and influenced by racism. . The Educational and Industrial Emancipation of the A Governor Bitterly Opposes Negro Education. One of the most outspoken and tireless leaders against lynch law was Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Though her campaign against lynching did not stop the practice, her groundbreaking reporting and writing on the subject was a milestone in American journalism. Wells became deeply interested in the lynching problem after three Black businessmen she knew were killed by a white mob outside Memphis, Tennessee, in 1892. Wells was a destroyer of narratives and would not hesitate to decimate our modern-day ones. [T]hey publish at every possible opportunity this excuse for lynching, hoping thereby not only to palliate their own crime but at the same time to prove the negro a moral monster and unworthy of the respect and sympathy of the civilized world. There is, however, this difference: in those old days the multitude that stood by was permitted only to guy or jeer. In Texarkana, the year before, men and boys amused themselves by cutting off strips of flesh and thrusting knives into their helpless victim. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. Wells (18621931) was raised by parents who were leaders in the black community during Reconstruction. Furthermore, Wells makes her argument persuasive by using ethos and logos to appeal to the audience. Speeches. Born a slave in 1862 she managed to gain a college education and pursued her love of journalism. The implication of her speech's titlethat lynching had become America's lawwould surely have caused her audience to pause, and the entirety of her speech provided the facts necessary for them to reflect upon. Of 4743 people lynched, 72% were African American and 28% white. This has been done in Texarkana and Paris, Tex., in Bardswell, Ky., and in Newman, Ga. No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; no matter that it encourages those criminally disposed to blacken their faces and commit any crime in the calendar so long as they can throw suspicion on some negro, as is frequently done, and then lead a mob to take his life; no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyesif a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. Paid Italy for massacre of Italian prisoners atNew Orleans 24,330.90 Wells make about lynching in nineteenth-century America? This condition of affairs were brutal enough and horrible enough if it were true that lynchings occurred only because of the commission of crimes against womenas is constantly declared by ministers, editors, lawyers, teachers, statesmen, and even by women themselves. Although the black press had covered mob violence for many years, Lynch Law in America was one of the first uncompromising, graphically descriptive portrayals of lynching to be aimed at an audience that was largely white. Very scant notice is taken of the matter when this is the condition of affairs. During the anti-lynching movement, Ida B. The Chicago Tribune, which publishes annually lynching statistics, is authority for the following: In 1892, when lynching reached high-water mark, there were 241 persons lynched. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the Negro woman is the accusing party. When the court adjourned, the prisoner was dead. Web. What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the negro woman is the accusing party. It is not the cr eat ur e of an hour , the su dden out bur st of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Our nation has been active and outspoken in its endeavors to right the wrongs of the Armenian Christian, the Russian Jew, the Irish Home Ruler, the native women of India, the Siberian exile, and the Cuban patriot. Address Accepting Democratic Presidential Nominati State of the Union Address Part II (1901), State of the Union Address Part II (1904), State of the Union Address Part II (1905), State of the Union Address Part II (1906), State of the Union Address Part II (1907), State of the Union Address Part II (1908), State of the Union Address Part II (1911), An Address to Congress on the Mexican Crisis. Despite her efforts it would be another generation before Congress addressed the issue. She refused and was ejected from the train. Hardly had the sentences dried upon the statute books before one southern state after another raised the cry against negro domination and proclaimed there was an unwritten law that justified any means to resist it. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Under the authority of a national law that gave every citizen the right to vote, the newly-made citizens chose to exercise their suffrage. Ida B. "Lynch Law in America" (Speech Given in Chicago, Illinois; Jan. 1900) by Ida B Wells Our country's national crime is lynching. There it has flourished ever since, marking the thirty years of its existence with the inhuman butchery of more than ten thousand men, women, and children by shooting, drowning, hanging, and burning them alive. The world looks on and says it is well. 2No offense stated, boy and girl.. 2 This has been done in Texarkana and Paris, Tex., in Bardswell, Ky., and in Newman, Ga. Whenever a burning is advertised to take place, the railroads run excursions, photographs are taken, and the same jubilee is indulged in that characterized the public hangings of one hundred years ago. During the last ten years a new statute has been added to the unwritten law. This statute proclaims that for certain crimes or alleged crimes no negro shall be allowed a trial; that no white woman shall be compelled to charge an assault under oath or to submit any such charge to the investigation of a court of law. . For this reason they publish at every possible opportunity this excuse for lynching, hoping thereby not only to palliate their own crime but at the same time to prove the negro a moral monster and unworthy of the respect and sympathy of the civilized world. She was, of course, attacked for that at home. close Export to Citation Manager (RIS) Back to item The campaign against lynching began in earnest in 1892 when Ida B. . If a few barns were burned some colored man was killed to stop it. The nineteenth century lynching mob cuts off ears, toes, and fingers, strips off flesh, and distributes portions of the body as souvenirs among the crowd. A Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynchings in the United States, 1892-1893-1894, Respectfully Submitted to the Nineteenth Century Civilization in 'the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave' (Chicago: Donohue and Henneberry, 1895), by Ida B. Wells-Barnett, contrib. Of this number, 160 were of negro descent. . A Negro woman, Lou Stevens, was hanged from a railway bridge in Hollendale, Mississippi, in 1892. It represents the cool, calculating deliberation of intelligent people who openly avow that there is an unwritten law that justifies them in putting human beings to death without complaint. No emergency called for lynch law. Lynching remains one of the most disturbing and least understood atrocities in American history . Aug 2, 2018. She did much to expose the epidemic of lynching in the United States and her writing and research exploded many of the justificationsparticularly the rape of white Wells was in New York at the time. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases by Ida B. Wells-Barnett - Free Ebook Project Gutenberg 70,082 free ebooks 4 by Ida B. Wells-Barnett Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases by Ida B. Wells-Barnett Download This eBook Similar Books Readers also downloaded In African American Writers In Crime Nonfiction Bibliographic Record It contains the reports of several lynchings and the results of an . And she resolved to become an activist when, on May 4, 1884, she was ordered to leave her seat on a streetcar and move to a segregated car. Ida B. https://www.thoughtco.com/ida-b-wells-basics-1773408 (accessed March 2, 2023). Again the aid of the unwritten law is invoked, and again it comes to the rescue. The Negro has been too long associated with the white man not to have copied his vices as well as his virtues. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. America during the first six months of this year (1893). Ida B. Life in Industrial America. She went on to found and become integral in groups. Slavery and Its ConsequencesA New Core Document Collection, Speech in the Senate on the Disenfranchisement of African Americans, Check out our collection of primary source readers. Wells, Ida B.. "Speech on Lynch Law in America, Given by Ida B. Five of this number were females. (1900). Ida Wells was born into slavery. But since the world has accepted this false and unjust statement, and the burden of proof has been placed upon the negro to vindicate his race, he is taking steps to do so. Following the end of the Civil War, her father, who as an enslaved person had been the carpenter on a plantation, was active in Reconstruction period politics in Mississippi. What becomes a crime deserving capital punishment when the tables are turned is a matter of small moment when the negro woman is the accusing party. She became involved in local politics in Chicago and also with the nationwide drive for women's suffrage. McNamara, Robert. 1. She Believed in Marriage and Family. The only way a man had to secure a stay of execution was to behave himself. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Heeding warnings that if she ever returned to Memphis, she would be killed, Wells moved to Chicago. In "Lynch Law in All Its Phases," Wells details the events surrounding Moss's lynching in Memphis. Finally, for love of country. The detectives report showed that Hose killed Cranford, his employer, in self-defense, and that, while a mob was organizing to hunt Hose to punish him for killing a white man, not till twenty-four hours after the murder was the charge of rape, embellished with psychological and physical impossibilities, circulated. Wells. Wells. Very scant notice is taken of the matter when this is the condition of affairs. Following the death of both her parents of yellow fever in 1878, Ida, at age 16, began teaching in a one-room schoolhouse in rural Mississippi. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a teacher, activist, and journalist who worked tirelessly from the late 1890s to document and fight against lynching throughout the United States. See also, Lisa D. Cook, Converging to a National Lynching Database: Recent Developments, (2011) which describes and analyzes different databases of lynching incidents. Wells in Chicago, Illinois, January, 1900 by Ida B. Through the accounts of two major Georgia newspapers and her own commentary, Wells-Barnett shed light on the lynchings of 12 African Americans over a six-week period. Judge Lynch was original in methods but exceedingly effective in procedure. Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Lynch Law in America, The Arena 23 (January 1900), 15-24. Wells was an African American journalist, abolitionist and feminist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. If a colored man resented the imposition of a white man and the two came to blows, the colored man had to die, either at the hands of the white man then and there or later at the hands of a mob that speedily gathered. Wells went to heroic lengths in the late 1890s to document the horrifying practice of lynching Black people. However, as a forty-year-old African American in 1900, denied an . Four of them were lynched in New York, Ohio, and Kansas; the remainder were murdered in the South. The negro has suffered far more from the commission of this crime against the women of his race by white men than the white race has ever suffered through his crimes. The cover page for Southern Horrors: Lynch Law In All Its Phases (1892), the first pamphlet by Ida B. ters were from Ida B. Wells-Barnettjournalist, author, public speaker, and civil rights activistwho received national and international attention for her efforts to expose, educate, and inform the public on the evils and truths of lynching. Wells Additional Information Year Published: 1900 Language: English Country of Origin: United States of America Source: Wells, I. Quite a number of the one-third alleged cases of assault that have been personally investigated by the writer have shown that there was no foundation in fact for the charges; yet the claim is not made that there were no real culprits among them. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, ne Ida Bell Wells, (born July 16, 1862, Holly Springs, Mississippi, U.S.died March 25, 1931, Chicago, Illinois), American journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. The result is that many men have been put to death whose innocence was afterward established; and to-day, under this reign of the unwritten law, no colored man, no matter what his reputation, is safe from lynching if a white woman, no matter what her standing or motive, cares to charge him with insult or assault. When one of her friends was lynched in Memphis in 1892, she decided she could not let the defamation and murder of African American men stand any longer. The method then inaugurated was the outrages by the red-shirt bands of Louisiana, South Carolina, and other Southern States, which were succeeded by the Ku-Klux Klans. Ida B. Second: Crimes against women is the excuse . Who Were the Muckrakers in the Journalism Industry? . In many other instances there has been a silence that says more forcibly than words can proclaim it that it is right and proper that a human being should be seized by a mob and burned to death upon the unsworn and the uncorroborated charge of his accuser. These executions were often carried out by lawless mobs, though police officers did participate, under the pretext of justice. Lynchings were violent public acts that white people used to terrorize and control Black people in the 19th and 20th centuries . No scoffer at our boasted American civilization could say anything more harsh of it than does the American white man himself who says he is unable to protect the honor of his women without resort to such brutal, inhuman, and degrading exhibitions as characterize lynching bees. The cannibals of the South Sea Islands roast human beings alive to satisfy hunger. The sentiment of the country has been appealed to, in describing the isolated condition of white families in thickly populated negro districts; and the charge is made that these homes are in as great danger as if they were surrounded by wild beasts. The Problem of Japan: A Japanese Liberal's View. In many cases there has been open expression that the fate meted out to the victim was only what he deserved. . The alleged menace of universal suffrage having been avoided by the absolute suppression of the negro vote, the spirit of mob murder should have been satisfied and the butchery of negroes should have ceased. In fact, for all kinds of offensesand, for no offensesfrom murders to misdemeanors, men and women are put to death without judge or jury; so that, although the political excuse was no longer necessary, the wholesale murder of human beings went on just the same. But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the effort to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. Surely it should be the nations duty to correct its own evils! And the world has accepted this theory without let or hindrance. Print friendly. Ida B. Southern . The lynching record for a quarter of a century merits the thoughtful study of the American people. A Texas newspaper called her an "adventuress," and the governor of Georgia even claimed that she was a stooge for international businessmen trying to get people to boycott the South and do business in the American West. And yet, in our own land and under our own flag, the writer can give day and detail of one thousand men, women, and children who during the last six years were put to death without trial before any tribunal on earth. With all the powers of government in control; with all laws made by white men, administered by white judges, jurors, prosecuting attorneys, and sheriffs; with every office of the executive department filled by white menno excuse can be offered for exchanging the orderly administration of justice for barbarous lynchings and unwritten laws. Our country should be placed speedily above the plane of confessing herself a failure at self-government. It is not the creature of an hour, the sudden outburst of uncontrolled fury, or the unspeakable brutality of an insane mob. Ida B. But their trouble was all in vainhe never uttered a cry, and they could not make him confess. Of this number 160 were of Negro descent. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. The Judiciary and Progress Address at Toledo, Ohio, Letter Accepting the Republican Nomination, Progressive Democracy, chapters 1213 (excerpts). Wells starts her inspiring movement with writing the pamphlet, Lynch Law in Georgia. In 1867, when Black men in Mississippi could vote for the first time, his white employer told him to vote for the Democrats, but again he refused. Whenever a burning is advertised to take place, the railroads run excursions, photographs are taken, and the same jubilee is indulged in that characterized the public hangings of one hundred years ago. Ida B. Wells-Barnett, The Red Record 11 likes Like "The miscegnation laws of the South only operate against the legitimate union of the races; they leave the white man free to seduce all the colored girls he can, but it is death to the colored man who yields to the force and advances of a similar attraction in white women. FRED. Another source of statistics and information on lynching is the report of the Equal Justice Institute. It has been to the interest of those who did the lynching to blacken the good name of the helpless and defenseless victims of their hate. And the world has accepted this theory without let or hindrance. No matter that our laws presume every man innocent until he is proved guilty; no matter that it leaves a certain class of individuals completely at the mercy of another class; no matter that it encourages those criminally disposed to blacken their faces and commit any crime in the calendar so long as they can throw suspicion on some negro, as is frequently done, and then lead a mob to take his life; no matter that mobs make a farce of the law and a mockery of justice; no matter that hundreds of boys are being hardened in crime and schooled in vice by the repetition of such scenes before their eyesif a white woman declares herself insulted or assaulted, some life must pay the penalty, with all the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition and all the barbarism of the Middle Ages. In 1894 she returned to America and embarked on a speaking tour. London :"Lux" Newspaper and Pub. In 1909, however, she gained a powerful ally in the newly formed National Association for the Advancement . Wells died she had faded from public view somewhat, and major newspapers did not note her passing. Of five hundred newspaper clippings of that horrible affair, nine-tenths of them assumed Hoses guiltsimply because his murderers said so, and because it is the fashion to believe the negro peculiarly addicted to this species of crime. . Wells, "Lynch Law in America", January 1900 2 "Ida B. According to Wells figures, 66% percent of the victims were African Americans, 34% were white or of some other race. "Ida B. Yet she doggedly reported on lynchings and made the subject of lynching a topic which American society could not ignore. At one point a newspaper she owned was burned by a white mob. In her lifetime, she battled sexism, racism, and violence. Wells. Wells." But the negro resents and utterly repudiates the effort to blacken his good name by asserting that assaults upon women are peculiar to his race. The American Birthright and the Philippine Pottage. Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Lansings Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting. . Her writings infuriated a portion of the citys white population, who ransacked the office of her newspaper. It next appeared in the South, where centuries of Anglo-Saxon civilization had made effective all the safeguards of court procedure. Andrew Carnegie on "The Triumph of America" (1885) Henry Grady on the New South (1886) Ida B. Wells-Barnett, "Lynch Law in America" (1900) Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (1918) Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper" (1913) Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) . Wells began against lynching prompted the passage of anti-lynching laws in some parts of the South, and a large drop in the number of documented lynchings, from 235 in 1892, to 107 in 1899. Wells." . Far removed from and entirely without protection of the courts of civilized life, these fortune-seekers made laws to meet their varying emergencies. (2020, August 27). In many instances the leading citizens aid and abet by their presence when they do not participate, and the leading journals inflame the public mind to the lynching point with scare-head articles and offers of rewards. "African American Perspectives" gives a panoramic and eclectic review of African American history and culture and is primarily comprised of two collections in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division: the African American Pamphlet Collection and the Daniel A.P. But their trouble was all in vainhe never uttered a cry, and they could not make him confess. From Ida B. The nineteenth century lynching mob cuts off ears, toes, and fingers, strips off flesh, and distributes portions of the body as souvenirs among the crowd. The negro has been too long associated with the white man not to have copied his vices as well as his virtues. Ida B. Wells-Barnett published "Lynch Law in Georgia" o n June 20, 1899, to raise public awareness about white racism and violence in the South, particularly with the act of lynching. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/ida-b-wells-basics-1773408. When Ida was 16, her family faced a terrible tragedy when her parents and baby brother died of yellow fever. It is considered a sufficient excuse and reasonable justification to put a prisoner to death under this unwritten law for the frequently repeated charge that these lynching horrors are necessary to prevent crimes against women. From the early 1890s she labored mostly alone in her effort to raise the nation's awareness and indignation about these usually unpunished murders. In 1892, when lynching reached high-water mark, there were 241 persons lynched. The campaign Ida B. . There is, however, this difference: in those old days the multitude that stood by was permitted only to guy or jeer. Thus lynchings began in the South, rapidly spreading into the various States until the national law was nullified and the reign of the unwritten law was supreme. At Newman, Ga., of the present year, the mob tried every conceivable torture to compel the victim to cry out and confess, before they set fire to the faggots that burned him. Biography of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Journalist Who Fought Racism. The Bible at the Center of the Modern University. For the next four decades she would devote her life, often at great personal risk, to campaigning against lynching. It is generally known that mobs in Louisiana, Colorado, Wyoming, and other States have lynched subjects of other countries. The photo is from about 1893. under oath, without trial by jury, without opportunity to make defense, and without right of appeal. No police try to stop the mob as a noose is thrown over a tree limb. In support of its plans the Ku-Klux Klans, the red-shirt and similar organizations proceeded to beat, exile, and kill negroes until the purpose of their organization was accomplished and the supremacy of the unwritten law was effected. It has been to the interest of those who did the lynching to blacken the good name of the helpless and defenseless victims of their hate. Source: The Arena 23 (January 1900): 15-24. Book from Project Gutenberg: Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. As a skilled writer, Wells-Barnett also used her skills as a journalist to shed light on the conditions of African Americans throughout the South. When Ida B. Those were busy days of busy men. And the world has accepted this theory without let or hindrance. Ida B. At the time Ida B. On Feb. 13, 1893, Wells delivered a scathing rebuke of lynching in front of a mostly white and angry audience at Boston's Tremont Temple. Ida B. In Ida B. Wells' works Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases and A Red Record, Ida B. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Collection gutenberg Contributor Project Gutenberg Language . But the reign of the national law was short-lived and illusionary. She did much to expose the epidemic of lynching in the United States and her writing and research exploded many of the justificationsparticularlythe rape of white women by black mencommonly offered to justify the practice. Today, we should take time to pause . Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Lansings Memorandum of the Cabinet Meeting. 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