The Senate gained increased prestige greater wealth and more influence in Roman government. [163][225] Claudius Nero brought over reinforcements in 210BC and stabilised the situation. Hasdrubal[note 13] led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack the cavalry on the other wing. [229][235] The last Carthaginian-held city in Iberia, Gades, defected to the Romans. The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. What territory did Rome control before the First Punic War? For over a century, the Romans and the Carthaginians had fought for control of the Mediterranean. [229][230] Scipio seized a vast booty of gold, silver and siege artillery, but released the captured population. In the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC, Rome, after consolidating its hold on the Italian peninsula would soon come up against the power of the Mediterranean, Carthage. How did Julius Caesar become dictator for life? This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. View Hannibal's campaign against Rome with the siege of Saguntum, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/event/Punic-Wars, Humanities LibreTexts Library - The Punic Wars, UNRV History - The Punic Wars and Expansion, Punic Wars - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. But while in those years Carthage did nothinga number of Roman citizens voluntarily presented to the state a fleet of 200 men-of-war, carrying 60,000 troops. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". How did the plains around Rome contribute to its growth? This one originated due to the hatred between the Romans and Carthaginians, as well as the resurgence of Carthage's army. The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise and fall of the Carthaginian empire. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. [209], Up to 215BC Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. In 254 they captured the important fortress of Panormus (Palermo), but when Carthage threw reinforcements into the island the war again came to a standstill. These roles would be reversed after the First Punic War and the Carthaginians progressively lost more power, wealth, and prestige in the later conflicts. The Romans incorporated many Greek gods into their religion. At the Battle of Zama in 202, Hannibal sent an elephant charge against the Romans which Scipio, mindful of Hannibal's strategies, deflected easily. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . The Punic Wars and Expansion. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. He thought that Caesar was a danger to the entire republic. He and his wife raised the boys. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. These included the large city of Capua and the major port city of Tarentum (modern Taranto). Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. In 219 Hannibal laid siege to Saguntum and carried the town in spite of a stubborn defense. [50][51] When armies were campaigning, surprise attacks, ambushes and stratagems were common. Does knowing a foreign language help you get into college? [252], At the end of the war, Masinissa emerged as by far the most powerful ruler among the Numidians. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. What were the main effects of the Punic Wars? [40][41] The close order African infantry and the citizen-militia both fought in a tightly-packed formation known as a phalanx. Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). The first Punic War was over ownership . It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. What geographic feature protected Rome from an invasion from the north? [194] Within a few weeks of Cannae a Roman army of 25,000 was ambushed by Boii Gauls at the battle of Silva Litana and annihilated. [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. This war was costly to both sides but Carthage suffered more seriously owing to: Further, however, they seriously underestimated their enemy. By the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans decide to take the battle to Carthage. What is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides? [2][3] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral between Carthaginian and Roman points of view. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? He established conditions for future expansion. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. What was a characteristic of the Roman Senate? [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. Not the same man as Hasdrubal Barca, one of Hannibal's younger brothers. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three . Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. You can tell much about someone's values by what that person makes. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. How did taxes change over time for citizens who lived in Rome? 1 / 29. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. The majority of Rome's allies in central Italy remained loyal. Under what condition were Roman women allowed to run businesses? But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. The immense effort of repeatedly building large fleets of galleys during the war laid the foundation for Rome's maritime dominance, which was to last 600 years. How were plebeians and enslaved persons similar in Roman society? The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. Mago left Iberia for Cisalpine Gaul with his remaining forces. What was the role of the judicial branch of Roman government? Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. and 146 B.C., spanning a time period of over 118 years. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. The Latin Library. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. The Carthaginians accordingly opened negotiations and consented to a peace by which they ceded Sicily and the Lipari (Eolie) Islands to Rome and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents. Ercte (247244) and Mt. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. It has a legislative branch with two houses. [269], Scipio moved back to a close blockade of the city and built a mole which cut off supply from the sea. The Punic Wars were caused by the competing interests of Carthage and Rome. They washed up onto the banks of the river, where the wolf found them. [177] Hannibal attempted to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area they had been sent to protect,[178] provoking Flaminius into a hasty pursuit without proper reconnaissance. [134] An expedition was prepared to reoccupy Sardinia, where mutinous soldiers had slaughtered all Carthaginians. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. World History Encyclopedia. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. The Romans objected to this attack and demanded that Carthage deliver Hannibal to Rome. That night the Carthaginian garrison escaped and the Romans seized the city and its inhabitants, selling 25,000 of them into slavery. His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. He then charged into the legions from behind. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. [244] The decisive battle of Zama followed in October 202BC. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. 2 Yet, in . The Roman commander, nevertheless, persisted in throwing troops into the city, and, by seizing the Carthaginian admiral during a parley, induced him to withdraw. Punic wars helped Rome consolidate its power, increase its wealth, and boost its reputation, all of which served to demonstrate its superiority over other areas.What was the outcome of the first Punic War?Rome gained control of all of the Carthaginian lands on Sicily after Carthage agreed to terms in the first Punic War, which was settled in 241 BC. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [247] The Roman and allied Numidian cavalry then pressed their attacks and drove the Carthaginian cavalry from the field. hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. He also liberated the Iberian hostages who had been held there by the Carthaginians to ensure the loyalty of their tribes. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. Explain how the connotation of the new word differs from the connotation of the original. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. These wars were fought on three frontiers. There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. [132][133], By early 237BC, after numerous setbacks, the rebels were defeated and their cities brought back under Carthaginian rule. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and . [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. Rome brought in an army to settle the dispute and Carthage took that as an act of war. Your email address will not be published. After the Carthaginians failed to resupply the city, Syracuse fell that autumn; Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. The campaign ended in disaster for the Carthaginians and their army surrendered. New territories increased Rome's wealth, as Rome gained access to new resources. Best Answer. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. His work was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal and his son Hannibal, who was placed at the head of the army in 221. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. Though Rome won both the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage at times came close to victory. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. Updates? How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers? Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. The unresolved strategic rivalry between Rome and Carthage caused the Second Punic War to break out in 218 BC, sparking a major but ultimately unsuccessful revolt within the Carthaginian Empire. In 203 B.C., Hannibals troops were forced to abandon the struggle in Italy in order to defend North Africa, and the following year Scipio Africanus and his troops routed the Carthaginians in the Battle of Zama. [231] In 203BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. . [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. Cite This Work At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [16], Other, later, ancient histories of the wars exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. The three Punic Wars between . General Sulla was declared leader after a long civil war. ~. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. Founded by the Phoenicians in the ninth century BC, Carthage reached its height in the fourth century BC as one of the largest metropolises in the world and the centre of the Carthaginian Empire, a major power in the ancient world that . What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. By immobilizing the other ship, and attaching it to their own, the Romans could manipulate a sea engagement through the strategies of a land battle. [98][99], The war continued, with neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy to save their city but Scipio was a great admirer of Hannibal and had studied his tactics carefully. Through a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. The Punic Wars, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) How Did The Civil War Lead To The Transformation Of Rome 665 Words | 3 Pages. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. She gently picked them up in her teeth. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in. [113][114], After more than 20 years of war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. Hamilcar Barca was called upon to raise the siege and did so, even though Carthage had refused him the much-needed supplies and reinforcements on his campaigns on her behalf and he had led most of these mercenaries in battle himself. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. Which natural feature is called "the Apennines"? As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. https://www.worldhistory.org/Punic_Wars/. Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. A Roman relief force broke through the siege, but was then ambushed and besieged itself. Roman farmers had burned their fields and crops to prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land. [169] As a result, most of the Gallic tribes declared for the Carthaginian cause and Hannibal's army grew to 37,000 men. Hannibal's battle strategy, more well known as his "razed earth strategy" damaged the country side. She cared for them for years. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. Most of the First Punic War was centered around the island of Sicily and . The only noteworthy feature of the ensuing campaigns is the skillful guerrilla war waged by a new Carthaginian commander, Hamilcar Barca, from his strong positions on Mt. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. We care about our planet! Starting from Spain and to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown pink! After a long civil War Lead to the Romans certainly took this view and demanded surrender... [ 50 ] [ 3 ] Polybius 's account the entire Republic successor Octavian ( Augustus! 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